PCOS

What is PCOS?

PCOS, or polycystic ovary syndrome, is a common hormonal disorder that affects women. An estimated 5-10% of women have PCOS.

The main signs and symptoms of PCOS include:

• Irregular periods or no periods at all


• Infertility or trouble getting pregnant


• Increased levels of androgens (male hormones) like testosterone


• Ovarian cysts


• Weight gain and trouble losing weight


• Excess hair growth on the face, chest, back, or buttocks


• Oily skin or acne


• Male pattern baldness or thinning hair


• Darkening of skin, particularly along neck creases

Many women with PCOS also struggle with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes due to the hormone imbalances.

What Causes PCOS?

While the exact cause is unknown, doctors believe genetics, inflammation, and excess insulin all play a role in the development of PCOS. The main underlying problem is that the ovaries produce an excess amount of androgens, which interferes with normal ovulation and causes other systemic issues.

Insulin resistance also promotes excess androgen production, creating a vicious cycle. Losing weight may help restore normal hormone levels for some women.

Getting Diagnosed

If you suspect you have PCOS based on irregular periods, infertility, or other symptoms, make an appointment with your doctor. They will take your full medical history, perform a physical exam, and likely order some tests to check for PCOS, including:

• Blood tests to measure hormone levels like testosterone


• An ultrasound to examine the ovaries for cysts


• A glucose tolerance test to assess insulin resistance

Treating PCOS

While there is no cure for PCOS, symptoms can often be managed with lifestyle changes and medications:

• Losing weight through diet and exercise helps lower insulin and androgen levels. Even a 5-10% loss can make a big difference.


• Birth control pills regulate menstrual cycles and help reduce excessive hair growth and acne. The pill contains estrogen and progestin.


• Fertility medications like clomiphene or letrozole can induce ovulation for women trying to conceive. Ovarian drilling is also sometimes used.


• Metformin reduces insulin resistance and androgen production. Thiazolidinediones like Actos and Avandia are another drug option.


• Excess hair growth can be managed with laser hair removal treatments or prescription eflornithine cream.


• Maintaining healthy nutrition and getting enough exercise is key. Stress reduction techniques can also help normalize hormones.