Disease resistance refers to the ability of a plant to restrict, slow down, or overcome the effects of a pathogen or disease. There are many different types of disease resistance in plants, including:
- Vertical resistance - protects the plant from specific races or strains of a pathogen. This resistance is controlled by single R genes and is usually race-specific.
- Horizontal resistance - protects the plant against multiple races or strains of a pathogen. This type of resistance is usually controlled by multiple genes and is long-lasting.
- Seedling resistance - protects young seedlings from infection but resistance may break down as the plant ages.
- Adult plant resistance - protects adult plants and not seedlings. This type of resistance is important for protecting the harvested parts of crop plants.
Plants have
innate, passive defense mechanisms against disease as well as specific
resistance (R) genes that enable them to mount an active defense response upon infection. Some responses include:
- Structural barriers like thick cell walls, cuticles, bark and cork that physically block pathogen entry
- Biochemicals that inhibit pathogen growth and survival
- Hypersensitive response (HR) - programmed cell death at infection site, which restricts pathogen spread
- Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) - heightened immune response throughout the plant after an initial localized infection
Breeding for increased
disease resistance is a major goal for plant breeders and genetic modification has also enabled transfer of R genes between plant species. Managing crop rotation, sanitation practices, beneficial microbes, and fungicides/bactericides also helps control plant diseases.
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